Why Is Adult Animation So Far Behind?

Animation is a lot more than just Disney movies and kid's shows.

LINKS

Justin Roiland saying “Fuck the Union”

Amidi, Amid. “‘Rick and Morty’ Co-Creator Justin Roiland: “Fuck The Union”.” Cartoon Brew, Sep 15, 2014. https://www.cartoonbrew.com/artist-rights/rick-and-morty-co-creator-justin-roiland-fuck-the-union-103723.html

Gainax co-founder explaining production committees

Animator Dormitory 2nd Channel. “Why Anime Is on the Rise Even Though the Industry Is so Poor.” YouTube, Feb 26, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iExwO1v_V-s

REFERENCES

1:20 | Arcane taking 6 years

Nicolo. “So yeah, we are working on #arcane season 2.” Twitter, Nov 20, 2021. https://x.com/niiicolo/status/1462225669551575042

1:39 | Japan’s animation industry size

“Anime Industry Report 2023 Summary.” The Association of Japanese Animation, Mar 2024. https://aja.gr.jp/english/japan-anime-data

2:45 | IGN calling tomb raider anime

Bailey, Kat. “Tomb Raider Anime Gets October Release Date Alongside New Trailer and Plot Details.” IGN, Jun 1, 2024. https://www.ign.com/articles/tomb-raider-anime-gets-october-release-date-alongside-new-trailer-and-plot-details

2:45 | Hollywood Reporter calling tomb raider anime

Couch, Aaron. “Netflix Orders ‘Skull Island,’ ‘Tomb Raider’ Anime Series.” Hollywood Reporter, Jan 27, 2021. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/netflix-orders-skull-island-tomb-raider-anime-series-4122459/

2:55 | Castlevania animators talking about anime inspirations

Narcisse, Evan. “The Animation Studio That Made Castlevania Explains Why It Was a Dream Project.” Gizmodo, Aug 2, 2017. https://gizmodo.com/the-animation-studio-that-made-castlevania-explains-why-1797476526

4:00 | History of animation and cartoons in the West

Lenburg, Jeff. “The Encyclopedia Of Animated Cartoons, Third Edition.” Facts on File, 2009. https://archive.org/details/the-encyclopedia-of-animated-cartoons-third-edition-jeff-lenburg-z-lib.org

4:04 | John Bray, Earl Hurd, and Max Fleischer pioneering animation. History of animation before Disney

Crafton, Donald. “Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898-1928.” The University of Chicago Press, 1982. https://books.google.ca/books?id=yaeJFVTedysC

6:28 | Hanna Barbera cartoons made for 3000 dollars

Hanna, William. “A Cast of Friends.” Taylor Publishing Company, 1996, p. 83. https://archive.org/details/castoffriends00hann/page/82/mode/2up?view=theater

6:28 | Hanna Barbera recording all the sound in one day

Lenburg, Jeff. “The Encyclopedia Of Animated Cartoons, Third Edition.” Facts on File, 2009. p. 9. https://archive.org/details/the-encyclopedia-of-animated-cartoons-third-edition-jeff-lenburg-z-lib.org

6:41 | Cinderella costing 2 million dollars

Barrier, Michael. “Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation In Its Golden Age.” Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 401. https://archive.org/detaild s/hollywoodcartoon00barr

7:00 | Detailed history of Tezuka and early Toei

Clements, Jonathan. “Anime: A History.” Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

7:00 | CORRECTION: Animation had already come over to Japan from America before World War 2. The war propaganda film Momotarō's Sea Eagles actually includes Bluto from Popeye and Betty Boop in it as cameos, and Felix the Cat was popular enough to warrant an episode where they visit Japan

Anime-boom! "Momotaro's Sea Eagles 1943 B&W ⁄ 37 mins." YouTube, Jul 5, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzjpsuRHiro

British Pathé. "Felix The Cat - Japanicky (1920-1929)." YouTube, Apr 13, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TgK0xxq2oE

7:41 | CORRECTION: Toei as a company wasn't "new" in 1956. They had existed as a film company since 1938. However, in the 50s they had purchased pre-existing animation company Nihon Dōga Eiga, and began to branch out into that medium

"Japanese Animation, 1937-1958: or, more notes on Akira Daikuhara." Animetudes, Nov 11, 2022. https://animetudes.com/2022/11/11/japanese-animation-1937-1958-or-more-notes-on-akira-daikuhara/

9:54 | CalArts being used to funnel talent into Disney

Sarmiento, Sergio Munez. “Interview with Tom Lawson, Dean of CalArts School of Art.” Clancco, Jan 22, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20130510185603/http://clancco.com/wp/2007/01/intervview_sergio-muoz-sarmiento_cal-arts_law/

10:27 | History of censorship in US cartoons

Lenburg, Jeff. “The Encyclopedia Of Animated Cartoons, Third Edition.” Facts on File, 2009. https://archive.org/details/the-encyclopedia-of-animated-cartoons-third-edition-jeff-lenburg-z-lib.org

11:40 | Josie and the Pussycats spaghetti incident

Lenburg, Jeff. “The Encyclopedia Of Animated Cartoons, Third Edition.” Facts on File, 2009. p. 12. https://archive.org/details/the-encyclopedia-of-animated-cartoons-third-edition-jeff-lenburg-z-lib.org

12:37 | Interspecies Reviewers removed from broadcast

Harding, Daryl. “Tokyo MX Cancels Interspecies Reviewers TV Anime Broadcast in Japan, Replaces Timeslot With Show About Boats (NSFW).” Crunchyroll, Feb 6, 2020. https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2020/2/7/tokyo-mx-cancels-interspecies-reviewers-tv-anime-broadcast-in-japan-nsfw

12:53 | History of sexuality in Japanese comics, from Tezuka to the adult comics label

Nagayama, Kaoru. Galbraith, Patrick W. “Erotic Comics in Japan: An Introduction to Eromanga.” Amsterdam University Press, 2014. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365597301_Erotic_Comics_in_Japan_An_Introduction_to_Eromanga

12:58 | Cross-dressing in Captain Ken

Tezuka, Osamu. “Osamu Tezuka Complete Works.” Kodansha, 1997. vol 25, p. 73.

13:02 | Interracial kiss in Angel Gunfighter

Tezuka, Osamu. “Osamu Tezuka Complete Works.” Kodansha, 1997. vol 324, p. 49.

13:07 | Americans calling Astro Boy a murderer/too violent

Tezuka, Osamu. “Osamu Tezuka Complete Works.” Kodansha, 1997. vol 221, p. 35. vol 222, p. 8.

14:01 | History of gekiga

Nunez, Irma. “Tracing the genealogy of gekiga.” The Japan Times, Sep 24, 2006. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2006/09/24/books/book-reviews/tracing-the-genealogy-of-gekiga/#.W1ysDMInbIV

14:32 | Golgo 13 being tied for second highest selling Japanese comic

“List of best-selling comic series.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 2, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series

14:35 | Golgo 13 having the world record for most volumes

Mateo, Alex. “Golgo 13 Manga Ties Guinness World Record for Most Volumes.” Anime News Network, Apr 5, 2021. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-04-05/golgo-13-manga-ties-guinness-world-record-for-most-volumes/.171484

15:04 | History of Animentary Ketsudan and Animerama

Clements, Jonathan. “Anime: A History.” Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. p. 146.

15:54 | History of the Underground Comix scene

Lenburg, Jeff. “The Encyclopedia Of Animated Cartoons, Third Edition.” Facts on File, 2009. https://archive.org/details/the-encyclopedia-of-animated-cartoons-third-edition-jeff-lenburg-z-lib.org

20:05 | Spy X Family and Fire Punch being published alongside each other

“Shonen Jump+” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 4, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump%2B

20:20 | CORRECTION: Prison School wasn't G rated because only theatrical releases have those ratings. The Japanese Wikipedia page lists it as G, though there isn't any further source for this. I mistakenly saw an Eirin listing for it when writing. Prison School was broadcast on Tokyo-MX and AT-X concurrently, with the AT-X release being uncensored

"Prison School." Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 31, 2024. https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A3%E7%8D%84%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%92
"Broadcast Information." Prison School Website, Accessed Jul 31, 2024. http://prison-anime.com/on_air/index.html

"Prison School." AT-X, Accessed Jul 31, 2024. https://www.at-x.com/program/detail/6521

20:20 | End of Evangelion's Eirin rating. Eirin only lists ratings back to 2009, so this is the re-release of the movie

"List of judged works: Evangelion." Film Classification and Rating Organization, Accessed Jul 5, 2024. https://www.eirin.jp/list/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3&details=&s_year=2009&s_month=1&e_year=2024&e_month=12&x=40&y=7

20:35 | Japanese Wikipedia listing of Eirin’s anime age ratings

“List of restricted anime.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 5, 2024. https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E9%99%90%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7

22:03 | History of OVAs, from Dallos to hentai

Clements, Jonathan. “Anime: A History.” Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. p. 157-175.

22:11 | Vampire Hunter D called “the first anime for adults”

Patten, Fred. “Vampire Hunter D: The Next Anime Hit in America?” Animation World Magazine, Dec 2000. Issue 5.9. https://www.awn.com/mag/issue5.09/5.09pages/pattenvampd.php3

22:38 | OVA market graph

Clements, Jonathan. “Anime: A History.” Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. p. 157.

25:19 | Variety’s Urotsukidoji review

Bowker, R R. “Variety's film reviews 1989-1990.” Reed Publishing, 1991. https://archive.org/details/varietysfilmrevi0021unse

26:37 | History of the creation of MTV, including rock and roll quote

Robinson, Chris. “CTW and MTV: Shorts of Influence.” Animation World Magazine, Sep 1997. Issue 2.6. https://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.6/2.6pages/2.6robinsonshorts.html

27:12 | History of MTV idents

Angelos, Ayla. “A brief history of MTV IDs and the impact they’ve had on the creative world.” It's Nice That, Dec 14, 2021. https://www.itsnicethat.com/features/mtv-ids-animation-film-141221

28:49 | History of the success of The Flintstones

Province, John. “Excavating Bedrock: Reminiscences of “The Flintstones”.” Hogan’s Alley, Jan, 2016. https://www.hoganmag.com/blog/excavating-bedrock-reminiscences-of-the-flintstones

29:04 | Myth of The Flintstones being the first couple to share the same bed

Mikkelson, David. “Who Was the First TV Couple to Sleep in the Same Bed?” Snopes, Sep 22, 2022. https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/early-to-bed/

29:30 | History of The Simpsons

Ortved, John. “The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History.” Greystone Books, 2009.

30:36 | Tracy Ullman sues Fox

Spotnitz, Frank. “Tracey Ullman sues Fox.” Entertainment Weekly, Oct 23, 1992. https://ew.com/article/1992/10/23/tracey-ullman-sues-fox/

31:00 | James L Brooks deal with Fox for The Simpsons

Kuipers, Dean. “One of America's sharpest comic commentators on Dick Cheney, politics as show business, and finding.” Los Angeles City Beat, Jan 15, 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20080308105912/http://www.lacitybeat.com/cms/story/detail/?id=568&IssueNum=32

31:40 | John Kricfalusi and Ren & Stimpy

“Ren And Stimpy’s Big Corporate Takeover.” Justin Smallbridge, Apr 1994. https://justinsmallbridge.com/clips/19940401SNrenandstimpy.html

31:55 | South Park Fox deal

Ashton, Will. “That Time Fox Refused To Pick Up South Park Because Of Mr. Hankey.” CinemaBlend, Sep 17, 2019. https://www.cinemablend.com/television/2480397/that-time-fox-refused-to-pick-up-south-park-because-of-mr-hankey

32:33 | Controversies of Ren & Stimpy

Komorowski, Thad. “Sick Little Monkeys: The Unauthorized Ren & Stimpy Story.” BearManor Media, 2013.

32:42 | South Park controversies wiki

“South Park controversies.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 7, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park_controversies

35:47 | CORRECTION: Hayao Miyazaki's films had higher drawing counts than most anime and he has been vocal about not liking Tezuka, but Mamoru Oshii and Satoshi Kon have not made any comments about a movement to improve animation quality, and haven't talked about Tezuka like this

Solomon, Charles. "Miyazaki in words, pictures." Los Angeles Times, Aug 29, 2009. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-aug-29-et-book29-story.html

35:55 | History of Princess Mononoke

Schilling, Mark. “The Princess Mononoke: The Art and Making of Japan's Most Popular Film of All Time” Hyperion New York, 1999. https://archive.org/details/princessmononoke0000unse_x4x2

36:09 | CORRECTION: Toshio Suzuki met Harvey Weinsten and showed him the katana during a regular meeting to discuss distribution of Princess Mononoke. Much later Weinstein tried cutting the film down and Miyazaki was the one who told him no

Alpert, Steve. "Sharing a House with the Never-Ending Man: 15 Years at Studio Ghibli." Stone Bridge Press, 2020. p. 95, 175-187.

36:56 | Evangelion and TMNT sharing a timeslot

Gilbert, Henry. “Some classic ‘90s toon trivia.” Twitter, Apr 13, 2023. https://x.com/hEnereyG/status/1646724524849893382

37:29 | Cowboy Bebop original air dates

“Cowboy Bebop (TV).” Anime News Network, Accessed Jul 5, 2024. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=13&page=25

38:04 | WOWOW late night timeslots

torisunanohokori. “Timeslot History: Anime on WOWOW (1994-2000).” Animetics, Sep 25, 2014. https://animetics.net/2014/09/25/timeslot-history-anime-on-wowow-1994-2000/

38:07 | Tokyo TV late night timeslots

torisunanohokori. “Timeslot History: Anime on TV Tokyo (1994-2000).” Animetics, Sep 24, 2014. https://animetics.net/2014/09/24/timeslot-history-anime-on-tv-tokyo-1994-2000/

38:13 | Nippon TV late night timeslots

torisunanohokori. “Timeslot History: Anime on Nihon TV (1994-2000).” Animetics, Aug 29, 2014. https://animetics.net/2014/08/29/timeslot-history-anime-on-nihon-tv-1994-2000/

38:25 | Tokyo AT-X and the shows it aired

“AT-X (TV network).” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 11, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT-X_(TV_network)

38:50 | Adult comics label for manga

Nagayama, Kaoru. Galbraith, Patrick W. “Erotic Comics in Japan: An Introduction to Eromanga.” Amsterdam University Press, 2014. p. 96. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365597301_Erotic_Comics_in_Japan_An_Introduction_to_Eromanga

39:19 | Frieren’s air time, according to MAL

“Sousou no Frieren.” MyAnimeList, Accessed Jul 11, 2024. https://myanimelist.net/anime/52991/Sousou_no_Frieren?quot=

39:19 | Steins;Gate air time, according to MAL

“Steins;Gate” MyAnimeList, Accessed Jul 11, 2024. https://myanimelist.net/anime/9253/Steins_Gate?q=steins&cat=anime

39:54 | The idea behind Space Ghost Coast to Coast

Erickson, Hal. “Space Ghost Coast to Coast [Animated TV Series] (1994).” All Movie, Accessed Jul 8, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20160427222827/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/space-ghost-coast-to-coast-animated-tv-series-v309268

39:54 | The history of Space Ghost Coast to Coast

Mells, Matt. “How Space Ghost Coast to Coast Changed Cartoon Network Forever.” Yahoo Entertainment, May 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010428/www.yahoo.com/entertainment/space-ghost-coast-coast-changed-141312009.html

41:27 | One third of Cartoon Network is adults

Furman, Phyllis. “CARTOON NETWORK ON RISE POPULAR SHOWS PUT NICK IN RIVAL'S EDGE.” New York Daily News, Nov 8, 1999. https://web.archive.org/web/20170904014945/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/money/cartoon-network-rise-popular-shows-put-nick-rival-edge-article-1.844881

42:06 | Adult Swim Cowboy Bebop premiere

“Cowboy Bebop Confirmed for Adult Swim.” Anime News Network, Aug 2, 2001. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-08-02/cowboy-bebop-confirmed-for-adult-swim

43:16 | Graph of anime produced every year

“Anime Industry Report 2023 Summary.” The Association of Japanese Animation, Mar 2024. https://aja.gr.jp/english/japan-anime-data

44:49 | Netflix’s many production deals influencing the industry

McNamara, Mary. “Column: Streaming set off an arms race of $100-million mega-deals. Were they worth it?” Los Angeles Times, Jun 13, 2023. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-06-13/netflix-max-paramount-ryan-murphy-shonda-rhimes-taylor-sheridan-greg-berlanti

45:00 | Netflix acquires Animal Logic for animation

“Netflix Acquires World Leading Independent Animation Studio Animal Logic.” Netflix, Jul 19, 2022.

https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-acquisition-animal-logic

45:40 | Love Death & Robots being a reboot of Heavy Metal

Schwartz, Terri. “How David Fincher and Tim Miller's Heavy Metal Reboot Became Netflix's Love, Death & Robots.” IGN, Mar 17, 2019. https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/03/16/how-david-fincher-and-tim-millers-heavy-metal-reboot-became-netflixs-love-death-and-robots

47:41 | Leiji Matsumoto inspired by Tezuka

Comic Natalie Editorial Department. “Leiji Matsumoto passed away at the age of 85.” Natalie, Feb 20, 2023. https://natalie.mu/comic/news/513586

47:45 | Kricfalusi watching Huckleberry Hound

“Reg Hartt, John Kricfalusi & A Revolution In Animation.” Reg Hartt Cineforum, Jan 4, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20140321050726/http://reghartt.ca/cineforum/?p=6994

47:49 | Seth McFarlane watching The Flintstones

Levin, Gary. “'Dad' joins 'Guy' for yuks.” USA Today, Feb 2, 2005. https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2005-02-02-macfarlane_x.htm

48:40 | Miyazaki dunking on otaku

Baseel, Casey. “Ghibli’s Hayao Miyazaki says the anime industry’s problem is that it’s full of anime fans.” Sora News 24, Jan 30, 2014. https://soranews24.com/2014/01/30/ghiblis-hayao-miyazaki-says-the-anime-industrys-problem-is-that-its-full-of-anime-fans/

49:42 | Article on animated adult shows, comparing them to live action. Genuinely a good article otherwise. I just hated the pulled quote

Bloom, Mike.“From ‘BoJack Horseman’ to ‘Rick and Morty’: Inside the Rise of Animated Comedy.” The Hollywood Reporter, Sep 14, 2018. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bojack-horseman-rick-morty-inside-rise-animated-comedy-1143286/

52:28 | Explanatory article on sakuga

Carmine, El. “What Is Sakuga? The Art of Dynamic Animation.” Acid Bones, Jan 2, 2024.

https://acidbones.co.uk/what-is-sakuga-unraveling-the-art-of-dynamic-animation/

54:33 | John Lasseter and the early history of Pixar

Paik, Karen. “To Infinity and Beyond!: The Story of Pixar Animation Studios.” Chronicle Books, 2007.

55:25 | Disney cutting jobs in 2002

Holson, Laura M. “Disney Is Cutting 250 Jobs at Animation Unit.” The New York Times, Mar 19, 2002. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/19/business/disney-is-cutting-250-jobs-at-animation-unit.html

55:25 | Disney layoffs and shutdown of 2D studios

“Disney, Pixar split to change face of animation.” The Hour, Jan 31, 2004. p. A22. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1916&dat=20040131&id=5xEhAAAAIBAJ&pg=3417,3996403

58:00 | Article on CG’s use in anime

kViN. “Embracing the 3DCG menace, ambitious action – Girls und Panzer: The Movie.” Sakuga Blog, Aug 1, 2016. https://blog.sakugabooru.com/2016/08/01/embracing-the-3dcg-menace-ambitious-action-girls-und-panzer-the-movie/

59:34 | Arcane employee count

Dudok de Wit, Alex. “The Secret To ‘Arcane’ Studio Fortiche’s Success: It’s Owned By Artists.” Cartoon Brew, Jan 5, 2022. https://www.cartoonbrew.com/studios/the-secret-to-arcane-studio-fortiches-success-its-owned-by-artists-211970.html

1:00:33 | List of shows made in Toon Boom

Williams-Rivers, Janelle. “Feast your eyes on Toon Boom Animation’s 2023 Studio Reel.” Toon Boom, Apr 12, 2023. https://www.toonboom.com/feast-your-eyes-on-toon-boom-animations-2023-studio-reel

1:00:41 | Archer animation behind the scenes and puppetry explained

Sarto, Dan. “The Minimalist Animation of ‘Archer’.” Animation World Network, May 5, 2016. https://www.awn.com/animationworld/minimalist-animation-archer

1:03:00 | What software anime uses

Sevakis, Justin. “What Software Is Used In Anime Production?” Anime News Network, Mar 30, 2018. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/answerman/2018-03-30/.129615

1:03:08 | List of anime made with Animo

“Animo.” Anime News Network, Accessed Jul 10, 2024. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/company.php?id=1759

1:03:17 | Toon Boom buys Animo

Moody, Annemarie. “Toon Boom Acquires Cambridge Animation.” Animation World Network, Jan 8, 2009. https://www.awn.com/news/toon-boom-acquires-cambridge-animation

1:06:30 | List of shows made by ShadowMachine

“ShadowMachine.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 7, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShadowMachine

1:06:36 | List of shows made by Powerhouse

“Powerhouse Animation Studios.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 7, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerhouse_Animation_Studios

1:06:40 | List of shows made by Titmouse

“Titmouse, Inc.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 7, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titmouse,_Inc.

1:06:50 | List of shows made by Bento Box

“Bento Box Entertainment.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 7, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bento_Box_Entertainment

1:07:33 | Rick and Morty unionizing and Justin Roiland saying “Fuck the Union”

1:09:08 | History of Chris Prynoski

Titmouse. “"Animation and Stuff" Presented by Chris Prynoski” YouTube, Oct 11, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ilxXifgaBEA

1:09:28 | Titmouse credited for Afro Samurai opening

“Titmouse Inc.” Anime News Network, Accessed Jul 11, 2024. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/company.php?id=6199

1:09:28 | Titmouse credited for Avatar: The Last Airbender opening

Futter, Mike. “Get A Look At The Animation And Combat of The Legend Of Korra.” Game Informer, Oct 17, 2024. https://www.gameinformer.com/games/the_legend_of_korra/b/pc/archive/2014/10/17/get-a-look-at-the-animation-and-combat-of-the-legend-of-korra.aspx

1:10:25 | Article explaining anime production committees

kViN. “What Is An Anime’s Production Committee?” Sakuga Blog, May 2, 2017. https://blog.sakugabooru.com/2017/05/02/what-is-an-animes-production-committee/

1:11:24 | Graph showing 300 shows made every year

“Anime Industry Report 2023 Summary.” The Association of Japanese Animation, Mar 2024. https://aja.gr.jp/english/japan-anime-data

1:11:39 | Counting adult animed using this, and cross-referencing with their age ratings on MAL

“2023 in anime.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 10, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_anime

1:11:41 | Counting adult animated works using this

“2023 in animation.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 10, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_animation

1:12:36 | Tezuka’s early history and selling Astro Boy for cheap

Clements, Jonathan. “Anime: A History.” Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. p. 116-128.

1:14:19 | CORRECTION: Tezuka initially agreed to ¥550,000 per episode, but eventually negotiated up to ¥1,550,000 and full character and merchandising rights, which was still low at the time, but allowed the studio to stay afloat. Other studios at the time agreed to lower rates and no additional rights to be competitive with Astro Boy, which may have been what truly kickstarted the low rates of the industry

Schley, Matt. "Osamu Tezuka Responsible for Low Anime Wages? Maybe Not, Says Author." Otaku USA, Sep 2, 2020. https://otakuusamagazine.com/osamu-tezuka-responsible-low-anime-wages-maybe-not/

1:18:11 | Toshio Okada explaining production committee collusion

Animator Dormitory 2nd Channel. “Why Anime Is on the Rise Even Though the Industry Is so Poor.” YouTube, Feb 26, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iExwO1v_V-s

1:20:33 | Anime outsourcing explained

kViN. “What Actually Is Anime Outsourcing? – The Historical Context And Current Reality Of Anime’s Life Support.” Sakuga Blog, Jun 9, 2021. https://blog.sakugabooru.com/2021/06/09/what-actually-is-anime-outsourcing-the-historical-context-and-current-reality-of-animes-life-support/

1:21:01 | History of Kyoto Animation

kViN. "The Evolution Of Kyoto Animation: A Unique Anime Studio And Its Consistent Vision." Sakuga Blog, Aug 25, 2018.

https://blog.sakugabooru.com/2018/08/25/the-evolution-of-kyoto-animation-a-unique-anime-studio-and-its-consistent-vision/

1:21:02 | Trigger starting as a support studio

Loo, Egan. “Gonzo, Trigger, Pierrot, Madhouse Make Anime Mirai 2013.” Anime News Network, Jun 6, 2012. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-06-06/gonzo-trigger-pierrot-madhouse-make-anime-mirai-2013

1:21:20 | Mushoku Tensei outsourcing credits

“Mushoku Tensei: Jobless Reincarnation (TV 1).” Anime News Network, Accessed Jul 13, 2024. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=22589

1:22:38 | list of projects Dr Movie has worked on

“DR Movie.” Anime News Network, Accessed Jul 13, 2024. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/company.php?id=1184

1:23:15 | Anime salary study

“Animator Fact-Finding Survey.” JAnicA, 2019.

https://web.archive.org/web/20240618221036/https://www.janica.jp/survey/sympo2019_handout.pdf

1:24:00 | Animator Dormitory Project salary

Animator Dormitory Channel. “Episode 16. My Income in 2019.【Japanese audio/English subtitle】” YouTube, Jan 31, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lO84SYSMYK0

1:24:22 | Article talking about inbetween salary

Margolis, Eric. “The dark side of Japan’s anime industry.” Vox, Jul 2, 2019. https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/7/2/20677237/anime-industry-japan-artists-pay-labor-abuse-neon-genesis-evangelion-netflix

1:24:55 | Anime average hours worked

Lang, Jamie. “New Survey Shows Japan’s Animation Workers Are Overworked, Underpaid, And Regularly Face Harassment.” Cartoon Brew, Mar 29, 2024. https://www.cartoonbrew.com/artist-rights/new-survey-shows-japans-animation-workers-are-overworked-underpaid-and-face-regular-harassment-239390.html

1:25:19 | Tetsuya Akutsu’s twitter. I only now realize it’s “akutsu” and not “akatsu”

“タティロー.” Twitter, Accessed Jul 11, 2024. https://x.com/tathiro9900

1:25:19 | Tetsuya Akutsu’s episode director salary

Dooley, Ben. Hida, Hikari. “Anime Is Booming. So Why Are Animators Living in Poverty?” The New York Times, Feb 24, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/24/business/japan-anime.html

1:25:55 | Trigger sued for breaking labor laws

Dudok de Wit, Alex. “Japan’s Studio Trigger Settles With Former Employees Over Unpaid Overtime.” Cartoon Brew, Jul 1, 2020. https://www.cartoonbrew.com/artist-rights/japans-studio-trigger-settles-with-former-employees-over-unpaid-overtime-193891.html

1:26:01 | Studio 4C paying 26k in unpaid overtime

Morrissey, Kim. “Studio 4°C Production Employee Gets Repaid 2.8 Million Yen in Unpaid Overtime.” Anime News Network, Jun 24, 2020. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2020-06-24/studio-4c-production-employee-gets-repaid-2.8-million-yen-in-unpaid-overtime/.161004

1:26:08 | Studio 4C animator working 393 hours a month

Loveridge, Lynzee. “Production Employee Claims Studio 4°C Owes for Unpaid Overtime.” Anime News Network, Sep 25, 2019. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2019-09-25/production-employee-claims-studio-4c-owes-for-unpaid-overtime/.151489

1:26:12 | MAPPA working conditions, JJK in 4 months, and taking on too many projects

Carter, Justin. “Jujutsu Kaisen Studio MAPPA is Breaking Under Crunch Allegations” Gizmodo, Nov 19, 2023. https://gizmodo.com/mappa-jujutsu-kaisen-crunch-allegations-1851034576

1:26:22 | MAPPA offering 3800 yen a cut for a Netflix show

Morrissey, Kim. “Animator Ippei Ichii Says Netflix Anime Produced at MAPPA Paid Bottom Rates (Updated).” Anime News Network, Jul 2, 2021. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2021-07-02/animator-ippei-ichii-says-netflix-anime-produced-at-mappa-paid-bottom-rates/.174701

1:26:35 | Spider-Verse animators under crunch

Lee, Chris. “Spider-Verse Artists Say Working on the Sequel Was ‘Death by a Thousand Paper Cuts’.” Vulture, Jun 23, 2023. https://www.vulture.com/2023/06/spider-verse-animation-four-artists-on-making-the-sequel.html

1:26:41 | Animator for Hoops talking about adult animation

@greyrgoose. “I'm seeing a lot of adult animation takes lately and I wanted to throw my perspective into the ring as someone who worked on a "family guy copy" as an animator and what TV animation is like.” Twitter, Jul 31, 2021. https://x.com/greyrgoose/status/1421649407620128771

1:26:57 | Median animator salary in the US

“Special Effects Artists and Animators” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Accessed Jul 13, 2024. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/arts-and-design/multimedia-artists-and-animators.htm#tab-5

1:27:14 | Bento Box production workers unionize

Kilkenny, Katy. “Bento Box Entertainment Production Workers Unionize With The Animation Guild.” The Hollywood Reporter, Oct 4, 2022. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/bento-box-production-workers-unionize-animation-guild-1235233409/

1:27:19 | Various American animation studios unionizing

Kilkenny, Katy. “‘The Simpsons,’ ‘Family Guy,’ ‘American Dad!’ Production and IT Workers Win Voluntary Union Recognition.” The Hollywood Reporter, Jul 5, 2022. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/the-simpsons-family-guy-american-dad-union-voluntarily-recognized-1235175547/

1:27:19 | Titmouse union in NY. First TAG union in New York

Lang, Jamie. “Titmouse New York Becomes First Non-L.A. Studio To Ratify A TAG Union Contract.” Cartoon Brew, Jun 7, 2023. https://www.cartoonbrew.com/artist-rights/titmouse-ny-ratifies-new-union-contract-229444.html

1:27:14 | Titmouse union in Canada. First IATSE union in Canada

“Titmouse Workers Ratify IATSE’s First Animation Agreement in Canada.” IATSE, Sep 27, 2021.

https://iatse.net/titmouse-workers-ratify-iatses-first-animation-agreement-in-canada/

1:27:25 | List of studios under The Animation Guild

“Studios & Production Companies.” The Animation Guild IATSE Local 839, Accessed Jul 13, 2024. https://animationguild.org/about-the-guild/studios/

1:28:14 | Rocky and Bullwinkle animated in Mexico

Anderson, Alex. “Hogan’s Interview | Alex Anderson” Hogan’s Alley, Accessed Jul 15, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20101026035438/http://cagle.msnbc.com/hogan/interviews/anderson/home.asp

1:28:20 | Wang Film, outsource studio for a bunch of stuff, including Hanna Barbera

“Wang Film Productions.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 20, 2024.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Film_Productions

1:28:26 | Rankin/Bass outsourcing to Toei, Topcraft, Mushi

“The Japanese Studios of Rankin/Bass.” Cartoon Research, Apr 14, 2014. https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/the-japanese-studios-of-rankinbass/

1:29:10 | Family Guy animation behind the scenes outsourcing to Korea

The Wall Street Journal. “Animating 'The Family Guy' and 'American Dad'.” YouTube, Sep 5, 2008. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6rrdNFaY_g

1:29:40 | Yearim, outsource studio for Big Mouth and Family Guy

“Yearim.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 20, 2024.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearim

1:29:40 | Toon City, outsource studio for Hazbin Hotel, Rick and Morty

“Toon City.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 20, 2024.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon_City

1:29:40 | Sunwoo, outsource studio for Family Guy, The Simpsons

“Sunwoo Entertainment.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 20, 2024.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunwoo_Entertainment

1:29:40 | Rough Draft, outsource studio for The Maxx, Ren & Stimpy, The Simpsons, King of the Hill

“Rough Draft Studios.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 20, 2024.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Draft_Studios

1:29:40 | Bardel, Canadian outsource studio for Bob’s Burgers, Rick and Morty

“Bardel Entertainment.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 20, 2024.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardel_Entertainment

1:29:40 | Studio Mir, outsource studio for The Boondocks

“Studio Mir.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 20, 2024.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Mir

1:29:40 | Mook Animation, outsource studio for Aeon Flux

“Mook Animation.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 20, 2024.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mook_Animation

1:30:59 | List of Netflix produced originals, tallying 129

“Category:Netflix original anime.” Wikipedia, Accessed Jul 20, 2024.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Netflix_original_anime

1:31:00 | Netflix partnering with anime studios to make more anime

Antonio Pineda, Rafael. “Netflix Announces New Partnerships With NAZ, Science Saru, MAPPA, Studio Mir.” Anime News Network, Oct 22, 2020. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-10-22/netflix-announces-new-partnerships-with-naz-science-saru-mappa-studio-mir/.165506

1:24:12 | Interview with Osamu Tezuka

rain chen. “[Interview] Osamu Tezuka on Experimental Animation.” YouTube, Dec 26, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAinMRr5_1o

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